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| JAMES E. VAN BLARICUM - cemented sandstone |
| 05.17.08 (2:46 am) [edit] |
Impermeable - Fluids cannot flow through rocks (clays, cemented sandstone or salt) where cracks
Spar - Enables offshore loading with vessel swinging to present least resistance to prevailing wind or current conditions.
Natural gas is used in over 60 million homes. In addition, natural gas is used in 78 percent of restaurants, 73 percent of lodging facilities, 51 percent of hospitals, 59 percent of offices, and 58 percent of retail buildings. Natural gas is vital to America's manufacturers, not only to power their operations, but also as an essential feedstock for many of the products we use daily -- clothing, carpets, sports equipment, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment, computers, and auto parts. It is also a primary feedstock for chemicals, plastics and fertilizers. Natural gas fuels our economy. It is a clean burning domestic energy source that powers our economy. It cools and warms our homes and businesses, is used to generate electricity, and helps maintain our quality of life.
The final link in the chain is the retailer. A retailer may be a gasoline station or a home heating oil company. The story ends when you pump gasoline into your car's tank, and the engine converts the gasoline's heat energy into mechanical energy to make your car move!(signal oil & gas company)
              
Surface casing is the next type of casing to be installed. It can be anywhere from a few hundred to 2,000 feet long, and is smaller in diameter than the conductor casing. When installed, the surface casing fits inside the top of the conductor casing. The primary purpose of surface casing is to protect fresh water deposits near the surface of the well from being contaminated by leaking hydrocarbons or salt water from deeper underground. It also serves as a conduit for drilling mud returning to the surface, and helps protect the drill hole from being damaged during drilling. Surface casing, like conductor casing, is also cemented into place. Regulations often dictate the thickness of the cement to be used, to ensure that there is little possibility of freshwater contamination.
Coiled tubing - Used to carry production equipment to bottom of well.
Petroleum Revenue Tax (PRT) - Applies to UK oil production and associated profits of licensees. Only to fields where Annex B consent was first given before 18 March 1993.
Acid treatments have been applied to wells in oil and gas bearing rock formations for many years. Acidizing is probably the most widely used work-over and stimulation practice in the oil industry [1].(signal oil and gas)
              
Sulfur can be sold and used if reduced to its elemental form. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow powder like material, and can often be seen in large piles near gas treatment plants, as is shown. In order to recover elemental sulfur from the gas processing plant, the sulfur containing discharge from a gas sweetening process must be further treated. The process used to recover sulfur is known as the Claus process, and involves using thermal and catalytic reactions to extract the elemental sulfur from the hydrogen sulfide solution.
Abandonment Allowance (AA) - A 100% allowance for expenditure incurred in respect of abandoning a field.
When I am behind the wheel, how can I get more miles per gallon?
Most of the data that is received by a control station is provided by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. These systems are essentially sophisticated communications systems that take measurements and collect data along the pipeline (usually in a metering or compressor stations and valves) and transmit them to the centralized control station. Flow rate through the pipeline, operational status, pressure, and temperature readings may all be used to assess the status of the pipeline at any one time. These systems also work in real-time, meaning that there is little lag time between the measurements taken along the pipeline and their transmission to the control station.(signal oil and gas company)
              
After the crude oil has reached the refinery, huge round tanks store the oil until it is ready to be processed. Tank farms are sites with many storage tanks.
Appraisal drilling - Drilling to determine physical extent, reserves and likely production rate of a reservoir, together with properties of oil or gas.
There are basically two uses for natural gas in storage facilities: meeting base load requirements, and meeting peak load requirements. As mentioned, natural gas storage is required for two reasons: meeting seasonal demand requirements, and as insurance against unforeseen supply disruptions. Base load storage capacity is used to meet seasonal demand increases. Base load facilities are capable of holding enough natural gas to satisfy long term seasonal demand requirements. Typically, the turn-over rate for natural gas in these facilities is a year; natural gas is generally injected during the summer (non-heating season), which usually runs from April through October, and withdrawn during the winter (heating season), usually from November to March. These reservoirs are larger, but their delivery rates are relatively low, meaning the natural gas that can be extracted each day is limited. Instead, these facilities provide a prolonged, steady supply of natural gas. Depleted gas reservoirs are the most common type of base load storage facility.
Redetermination - Retroactive adjustment to relative percentage interests of joint venturers in a field.(signal oil and gas)
             
Conductor - Wide-diameter pipe from drilling platform to sea-bed to guide drilling and contain drilling fluid.
Formation Pressure - Water underlying gas and oil in formation.
The importance of horizontal wells is likely to increase further. The current trend is towards very long wells which can be up to several km in length. When bringing these wells into production, the effective clean up of drilling fluid damage is needed. This is particularly important in low permeability formations.
Laying pipe across streams or rivers can be accomplished in one of two ways. Open cut crossing involves the digging of trenches on the floor of the river to house the pipe. When this is done, the pipe itself is usually fitted with a concrete casing, which both ensures that the pipe stays on the bottom of the river, and add an extra protective coating to prevent any natural gas leaks into the water. Alternately, a form of directional drilling may be employed, in which a sort of 'tunnel' is drilled under the river through which the pipe may be passed. The same techniques are used for road crossings - either an open trench is dug up across the road and replaced once the pipe is installed, or a tunnel may be drilled underneath the road.(james e van blaricum)
            
Texas produces more oil than any other state. The other top producing states are Alaska, California, Louisiana, and Oklahoma--in that order. In all, 31 states produce petroleum.
Cathodic protection - Method used to minimise rate of electrochemical corrosion of structures, for example, installations offshore, pipelines and storage tanks.
Sidetrack Drilling - A remedial operation that results in creation of a new section of well bore for purpose of detouring around "junk", redrilling a lost hole or straightening crooked holes.
Gas lift - Gas from same or nearby field is mixed with oil in tubing to lessen weight of liquid column.(signal oil and gas company)
              
Production Drilling - Drilling of wells in order to bring a field into production.
Debutanizer - this step boils off the butanes, leaving the pentanes and heavier hydrocarbons in the NGL stream.
In addition to mud damage removal, if sufficient Arcasolve™ fluid is used to fill the wellbore and penetrate some distance into the formation an increase in the permeability of the formation can be achieved. The matrix stimulation of the formation can stimulate production above that which would be obtained even with complete damage removal.
Derrick - Elongated pyramid of latticed steel mounted over bore hole for suspending and rotating drill pipes.(signal oil & gas)
      
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